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AWS Region, Availability Zone, and Local Zone Concepts.

Each Region is completely independent. Each Availability Zone is isolated, but the Availability Zones in a Region are connected through low-latency links. A Local Zone is an AWS infrastructure deployment that places select services closer to your end users. A Local Zone is an extension of a Region that is in a different location from your Region. It provides a high-bandwidth backbone to the AWS infrastructure and is ideal for latency-sensitive applications, for example machine learning. The following diagram illustrates the relationship between Regions, Availability Zones, and Local Zones.

Regions.

Each Amazon EC2 Region is designed to be isolated from the other Amazon EC2 Regions. This achieves the greatest possible fault tolerance and stability.
When you view your resources, you see only the resources that are tied to the Region that you specified. This is because Regions are isolated from each other, and we don't automatically replicate resources across Regions.
When you launch an instance, you must select an AMI that's in the same Region. If the AMI is in another Region, you can copy the AMI to the Region you're using. For more information.

Availability Zones

When you launch an instance, you can select an Availability Zone or let us choose one for you. If you distribute your instances across multiple Availability Zones and one instance fails, you can design your application so that an instance in another Availability Zone can handle requests. You can also use Elastic IP addresses to mask the failure of an instance in one Availability Zone by rapidly remapping the address to an instance in another Availability Zone. 

Local Zones 

When you launch an instance, you can optionally select a Local Zone so that your applications are closer to your end users. Local Zones allow you to seamlessly connect to the full range of services in the AWS Region such as Amazon Simple Storage Service and Amazon DynamoDB through the same APIs and tool sets. 

Available Regions

Your account determines the Regions that are available to you. For example:

• An AWS account provides multiple Regions so that you can launch Amazon EC2 instances in locations that meet your requirements. For example, you might want to launch instances in Europe to be closer to your European customers or to meet legal requirements.
• An AWS GovCloud (US-West) account provides access to the AWS GovCloud (US-West) Region only

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